Multiple Myeloma

What is multiple myeloma? 

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer affecting the bone marrow predominantly and is characterised by excessive multiplication of a type of white blood cells called plasma cells.

The consequence of unrestrained multiplication of plasma cells is two-fold. The cancer cells may overwhelm the normal bone marrow functions and prevent it from making enough healthy blood cells. As the number of myeloma cells increases, fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made.

Secondly, the myeloma cells may also damage and weaken the bone, making it friable such that it may fracture with even trivial injury or release calcium from the bones into the blood causing dangerously high blood levels of this element. This can cause excessive thirst, constipation, confusion or even loss of consciousness.

How common is multiple myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of blood cancer with approximately 100 to 120 new patients diagnosed with this disease in Singapore a year.

What are the different types of multiple myeloma?

There are different types of multiple myeloma, typically classified based on the proteins produced by the cancerous plasma cells. The main types include:

• IgG myeloma: This is the most common type where the cancerous plasma cells produce abnormal IgG antibodies.

• IgA myeloma: In this type, the plasma cells produce abnormal IgA antibodies.

• IgD myeloma: A rarer form where IgD antibodies are produced.

• IgE myeloma: Extremely rare with the production of IgE antibodies.

• Light chain myeloma: Only light chains (parts of antibodies such as kappa or lambda) are produced rather than complete antibodies.
  

• Non-secretory myeloma: In this rare type, the myeloma cells do not produce measurable antibodies or light chains.

Each type may vary in its progression and treatment approach.