Initial treatment is with medication. The most common drugs used are steroids such as prednisolone, and various anti-inflammatory agents. The drugs do not "cure" Crohn's disease (there is no "cure" available yet), but the drugs are used to relieve its symptoms and may help to avoid recurrence.
In more serious cases, stronger drugs such as azathioprine, biologics or small molecules may be used. However, these drugs have more side effects and suppress the immune system, making the patient more prone to infection.
In more advanced or complicated cases of Crohn's disease, surgery may be recommended.
Emergency surgery is performed when complications, such as a perforation of the intestine, obstruction (blockage) of the bowel, or massive bleeding occur with Crohn's disease. Operations may also be needed in patients who do not respond to medication, patients with abscess formation, fistulas (abnormal communication from the intestine), and patients with severe anal disease.
