Thyroid eye disease is an eye condition related to thyroid disease. Thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland in the neck regulate metabolism in the body.
Patients with excessive thyroid hormone in the circulation (hyperthyroidism) can develop eye diseases and they may have any of the following symptoms:
The most significant, but rare, complication of thyroid disease is loss of vision due to compression of the optic nerve by swollen tissues around the eye. Swelling of the orbital tissues can cause the eyes to bulge outwards and limit the eye's ability to close the eyelids, exposing the front surface of the eye and causing irritation and damage to the cornea. Patients can also suffer from double vision due to marked swelling and stiffening of eye muscles.
Some symptoms associated with thyroid eye disease may include:
Illustration: Protrusion of the eyes
What causes thyroid eye disease? Thyroid eye disease is more common in women. Although often associated with hyperthyroidism, it may occur in patients with normal or low thyroid hormone levels.
Although the exact cause is unclear, what is known is that the body produces antibodies against its own tissues in the orbit.
This sets off a series of biochemical events that lead to swelling of the orbital soft tissues, specifically the eye muscles and orbital fat.
It is common for thyroid eye disease to fluctuate within the first one to two years of the disease. Beyond this time, the disease tends to stabilise. Medical therapy (immunosuppression and radiotherapy) are more effective in the active phase of the disease while surgical treatment is usually reserved for patients in the inactive phase.
It is important for you to be seen and treated by a physician for the underlying thyroid disease throughout this period. Although thyroid eye disease tends to improve with good thyroid hormone control, this is not always the case, and consultation with an ophthalmologist is necessary.
Local Therapy Tear substitutes and lubricants help to protect the surface of the eye from drying. Taping your eyelids closed at night is also helpful. Sleeping on extra pillows helps to reduce swelling around the eyes.
Double vision can be troublesome if it affects straightforward and down-looking positions (as in reading). Special lenses called prisms may relieve this.
Immunosuppression Your physician will advise you on a suitable treatment for thyroid disease. Steroids are used in selected cases. The effect of steroids is temporary and once it is stopped, systems often rebound. Steroids cause many undesirable side effects when used over a long period of time.
While you are on steroid treatment, your physician will monitor you for side effects which include obesity, gastric symptoms and bleeding, aggravation of diabetes and high blood pressure and decreased resistance to infection.
Radiation Radiation is an effective way of reducing swelling of tissue around the eye and relieving compression of the optic nerve. The therapeutic dose used is low and it is usually not associated with significant adverse effects.
Surgery When vision is threatened, early lid or orbital surgery may be necessary. Otherwise, surgery is usually reserved for stable, inactive disease with the following complications:
Thyroid eye disease should be treated by ophthalmic surgeons who specialise in conditions affecting the eyelids and socket.
