Urinary Stones (Kidney Stones)

• Age: Usually more common in older individuals ~40 – 60 years of age.
• Obesity: Has been associated with >50% higher risk of stone formation.
• Genetic: A history of kidney stones within the family is associated with a higher risk.
• Dehydration: A lack of fluid intake leads to concentration of salts in the urine, increasing risk of stone formation.
• Diet: Certain diets high in oxalate (nuts, long beans, chocolate), high in purines (red meat, organs, seafood).
• Previous kidney stones: An individual with a diagnosed kidney stone has a 50% risk of developing another stone within the next 10 years.
• Certain medical conditions: Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, gastrointestinal diseases (including inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption, bariatric surgery, previous intestinal resections). Known conditions associated with urinary tract obstruction can also increase the risk of stone formation.
• Use of certain medications: HIV medications (indinavir).

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